Temporal analysis of mortality from preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life, 2000-2021. / Análisis temporal de la mortalidad por causas evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida, 2000-2021.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the temporal pattern and estimate mortality rates in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes in the state of Pernambuco from 2000 to 2021. METHOD: an ecological study, using the quarter as the unit of analysis. The data source was made up of the Mortality Information System and the Live Birth Information System. The time series modeling was conducted according to the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model. RESULTS: 14,462 deaths were recorded in the first 24 hours of life, 11,110 (76.8%) of which being preventable. It is observed from the forecasts that the mortality rate in the first 24 hours of life ranged from 3.3 to 2.4 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate from preventable causes ranged from 2.3 to 1.8 per 1,000 live births. CONCLUSION: the prediction suggested progress in reducing mortality in the first 24 hours of life in the state and from preventable causes. The ARIMA models presented satisfactory estimates for mortality rates and preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life.

Análisis temporal de la mortalidad por causas evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida, 2000-2021 / Temporal analysis of mortality from preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life, 2000-2021 / Análise temporal da mortalidade por causas evitáveis nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, 2000-2021

Objetivo: analizar el patrón temporal y estimar las tasas de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y por causas evitables en el estado de Pernambuco en el período de 2000 a 2021. Método: estudio ecológico, teniendo como unidad de análisis el trimestre. La fuente de datos se constituyó por el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad y el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Nacidos Vivos. El modelado de series temporales se realizó según el Modelo Autorregresivo Integrado de Promedio Móvil. Resultados: se registraron 14.462 óbitos en las primeras 24 horas de vida, siendo 11.110 (el 76,8%) evitables. Se observa para los pronósticos ( forecasts) que la tasa de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida registro una variación de 3,3 a 2,4 por 1.000 nacidos vivos, y la tasa de mortalidad por causas evitables de 2,3 a 1,8 por 1.000 nacidos vivos. Conclusión: la predicción sugirió avances en la reducción de la mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida en el estado y por causas evitables. Los modelos ARIMA presentaron estimaciones satisfactorias para las tasas de mortalidad y por causas evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida.

Objective: to analyze the temporal pattern and estimate mortality rates in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes in the state of Pernambuco from 2000 to 2021. Method: an ecological study, using the quarter as the unit of analysis. The data source was made up of the Mortality Information System and the Live Birth Information System. The time series modeling was conducted according to the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model. Results: 14,462 deaths were recorded in the first 24 hours of life, 11,110 (76.8%) of which being preventable. It is observed from the forecasts that the mortality rate in the first 24 hours of life ranged from 3.3 to 2.4 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate from preventable causes ranged from 2.3 to 1.8 per 1,000 live births. Conclusion: the prediction suggested progress in reducing mortality in the first 24 hours of life in the state and from preventable causes. The ARIMA models presented satisfactory estimates for mortality rates and preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life.

Objetivo: analisar o padrão temporal e estimar as taxas de mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e por causas evitáveis no estado de Pernambuco no período de 2000 a 2021. Método: estudo ecológico, tendo como unidade de análise o trimestre. A fonte de dados foi constituída pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. A modelagem da série temporal foi conduzida segundo o Modelo Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis. Resultados: foram registrados 14.462 óbitos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, sendo 11.110 (76,8%) evitáveis. Observa-se para os forecasts que a taxa de mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida variou de 3,3 a 2,4 por 1.000 nascidos vivos, e a taxa de mortalidade por causas evitáveis variou de 2,3 a 1,8 por 1.000 nascidos vivos. Conclusão: a previsão sugeriu avanços na redução da mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida no estado e por causas evitáveis. Os modelos ARIMA apresentaram estimativas satisfatórias para as taxas de mortalidade e por causas evitáveis nas primeiras 24 horas de vida.

Violência contra mulheres e a pandemia da covid-19 no estado de Pernambuco / Violence against women and the COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Pernambuco / Violencia contra la mujer y pandemia de la COVID-19 en el estado de Pernambuco

O início do ano de 2020 foi marcado pelo surgimento da covid-19. Com o intuito de reduzir o número de casos da doença, algumas estratégias foram adotadas, como o isolamento social e a quarentena. Diante dessas medidas, muitas mulheres que já eram vítimas da violência ficaram sujeitas a conviver 24 horas por dia com seu parceiro agressor. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os homicídios e a violência doméstica e familiar perpetrada contra a mulher antes e durante a pandemia da covid-19 no estado de Pernambuco. Realizaram-se três estudos: (1) estudo ecológico misto da violência contra a mulher, homicídios femininos e feminicídios antes da pandemia, no qual foi utilizado o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (regressão linear simples) para estimar retas de tendência. No período pré-pandêmico (2016-2019), ocorreram 33.289 notificações de violência contra a mulher, 1.038 homicídios femininos e 319 feminicídios. Foi constatado que, dos 184 municípios, 142 (76,8%) apresentaram tendência crescente na análise da taxa de violência contra mulher, com predomínio na mesorregião do Agreste; para os homicídios femininos e feminicídios, 83 (44,9%) e 113 (61,1%) dos municípios tiveram tendência estacionária, respectivamente. (2) Estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa para discutir a violência doméstica contra a mulher durante os primeiros seis meses do ano de 2019 em comparação com o mesmo período do ano de 2020, que correspondeu ao período de distanciamento social mais rígido no estado. Nos estágios iniciais da pandemia da covid-19, foram registrados 19.496 casos de violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher, com redução de 7,4% quando comparado ao mesmo período do ano de 2019 (21.064 registros). (3) Estudo ecológico de série temporal (2015-2020) do número e das taxas dos homicídios femininos nas mesorregiões do estado de Pernambuco. A análise temporal dos homicídios femininos mostrou tendência crescente das taxas de homicídios na mesorregião do Sertão e na faixa etária de 20-39 anos em 2020. Assim, a pandemia da covid-19 mostrou as vulnerabilidades já existentes na vida das mulheres, aumentando a situação de risco daquelas que vivam em situação de violência.

The year 2020 was marked by the emergence of COVID-19. To reduce the number of cases, preventive measures such as social distancing and quarantine were adopted, putting many women who were already victims of violence in the position of living with their partner 24 hours a day. This study described the homicides and domestic violence perpetrated against women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Pernambuco. Three studies were conducted: 1) a mixed ecological study on violence against women, female homicides and feminicides before the pandemic, with trend lines estimated by ordinary least squares (simple linear regression). The pre-pandemic period (2016-2019) recorded 33,289 notifications of violence against women, 1,038 female homicides, and 319 feminicides. Of the 184 municipalities, 142 (76.8%) showed an increasing trend in the rate of violence against women, predominantly in the Agreste mesoregion; 83 (44.9%) and 113 (61.1%) municipalities showed a stationary trend for female homicides and feminicides, respectively; 2) a quantitative cross-sectional study discussing domestic violence against women during the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2020 (period of stricter social distancing in the state). The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic recorded 19,496 cases of domestic and family violence against women, a 7.4% reduction when compared with the same period in 2019 (21,064 records); 3) an ecological time series study (2015-2020) on the number and rates of female homicides in the Pernambuco mesoregions. Temporal analysis of female homicides showed an increasing rate trend in the Sertão mesoregion among the age group 20-39 years in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic unveiled the already existing vulnerabilities in women's lives, increasing the risk situation of those already living in situations of violence.

El inicio del año 2020 estuvo marcado por el surgimiento de la COVID-19. Para reducir los contagios de esa enfermedad, se adoptaron algunas estrategias, como el aislamiento social y la cuarentena. Ante estas medidas, muchas mujeres que ya eran víctimas de violencia se vieron sometidas a convivir las 24 horas al día con su pareja agresora. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los homicidios y la violencia doméstica y familiar perpetrados contra las mujeres antes y durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 en el estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Se realizaron tres estudios: 1) Estudio ecológico mixto de violencia contra la mujer, homicidios femeninos y feminicidios antes de la pandemia, en el cual se utilizó el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (regresión lineal simple) para estimar las líneas de tendencia. En el periodo prepandémico (2016-2019) hubo 33.289 notificaciones de violencia contra las mujeres, 1.038 homicidios femeninos y 319 feminicidios. Se encontró que, de los 184 municipios, 142 (76,8%) mostraron una tendencia creciente en el análisis de la tasa de violencia contra las mujeres, con predominio en la mesorregión de Agreste; para los homicidios femeninos y feminicidios 83 (44,9%) y 113 (61,1%) de los municipios, respectivamente, tuvieron una tendencia estacionaria. 2) Estudio transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo, para discutir la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres, durante los primeros seis meses del año 2019 en comparación con el mismo período del 2020, que correspondió al período de distanciamiento social más estricto en el estado. Se registraron 19.496 casos de violencia doméstica y familiar contra la mujer, con una reducción del 7,4% en comparación con el mismo período del año 2019 (21.064 registros). 3) Estudio ecológico de series temporales (2015-2020) del número y tasas de homicidios femeninos en las mesorregiones del estado de Pernambuco. El análisis temporal de los homicidios femeninos mostró una tendencia creciente de las tasas de homicidio en la mesorregión de Sertão y en el grupo de edad de entre 20-39 años en 2020. La pandemia de la COVID-19 expuso las vulnerabilidades ya existentes en la vida de las mujeres, aumentando la situación de riesgo de aquellas que ya vivían en situación de violencia.

Small-fibre neuropathy in leprosy the role of in vivo confocal microscopy: A cross-sectional study.

Background Leprosy (or Hansen's disease) continues to present considerable challenges regarding containment and early diagnosis. Leprosy is considered to be primarily a neural disease that first affects the sensory function of small fibres. Although the condition is well described in terms of clinical manifestations and histology, few studies have been undertaken to detect damage done to small-fibre sensory nerves. In vivo confocal microscopy is a useful tool for conducting a detailed evaluation of these structures, although its use in individuals affected by leprosy has still not been explored. Objective To evaluate in vivo confocal microscopy findings in Hansen's disease patients and their association with clinical variables relating to this disease. Method A cross-sectional case-series type study was carried out between October 2019 and May 2021, in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Socio-demographic and clinical data were gathered from 21 patients with leprosy. The douleur neuropathique 4 neuropathic pain questionnaire was used to evaluate pain. In vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea was employed to evaluate the small-calibre fibres. Findings were compared with those for a control group of 23 healthy individuals. Results In relation to clinical parameters, 90.5% of the patients were classified as "multibacillary" according to the World Health Organization criteria, and 70% as dimorphic or borderline, in accordance with the Madrid classification. Around 52.4% had received a diagnosis after one year or less of living with the disease, while 95.2% presented alterations in small-fibre sensory function and 35% presented such alterations in the large fibre. Neuropathic pain was present in 81% of the patients. In vivo confocal microscopy found no statistically significant difference in mean age and distribution according to sex between the Hansen disease patients and the control group of healthy individuals. The median-of-means for dendritic cells and volume of sub-basal nerve fibres in the control group were used to test for normality. Both eyes of all leprosy patients examined contained higher number of dendritic cells than the median value and a volume of sub-basal nerve fibres lower than the mean. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Multibacillary individuals had a median number of dendritic cells two times that of paucibacillary individuals (P = 0.035). Limitations No association was found between the variables examined using in vivo confocal microscopy and clinical variables relating to small-fibre damage, the neuropathic pain questionnaire or alterations detected by the neurological examination. We believe, however, that Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry of the cornea may have revealed such an association. Conclusion In vivo confocal microscopy is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting small fibre loss in individuals affected by leprosy and may constitute a useful addition to the range of tools available to help curb the effects of neuropathy in these patients.

Evolução da completude das informações sobre suicídios no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, 1996 a 2015 / Evolution of the information completeness on suicides in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 1996 to 2015

Resumo Introdução O suicídio representa um importante problema de saúde pública no mundo. Considerado um fenômeno complexo, está associado a fatores sociais, biológicos e demográficos. A qualidade dos dados registrados na declaração de óbito é fundamental para conhecer a magnitude deste problema e subsidiar a construção de indicadores epidemiológicos que contribuem para a eficiência da gestão em saúde. Objetivo Analisar a evolução da completude dos registros de suicídio do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) no estado de Pernambuco, entre 1996 e 2015. Métodos Calculou-se a proporção de completude das variáveis da Declaração de Óbito. Para análise da tendência da completude, empregou-se o modelo de regressão Joinpoint. Resultados Houve tendência de aumento de completude das variáveis analisadas, com destaque para "raça/cor", "estado civil" e "escolaridade", com aumento superior a 60,0%. Conclusão A análise de tendência temporal mostrou melhoria no preenchimento dos dados sobre suicídio no SIM, porém, ainda figura o desafio de alcançar menos de 5,0% de incompletude para todas as variáveis. A avaliação da completude dos registros de suicídio contribui com o sistema de vigilância e com o aprimoramento das estatísticas vitais relacionadas às causas externas.

Abstract Background Suicide represents an important public health problem in the world. Considered a complex phenomenon it is associated with social, biological and demographic factors. The quality of the data registered in the Death Certificate is fundamental to know the magnitude of this problem and subsidizes the construction of epidemiological indicators that contribute to the efficiency of health management. Objective To analyze the evolution of the completeness of suicide records in the mortality information system (SIM) of the state of Pernambuco, between 1996 and 2015. Method The proportion of completeness of the death certificate variables was calculated. For the analysis of the completeness trend, the Joinpoint Regression model was used. Results There was a tendency to increase the completeness of the variables analyzed, with an emphasis on "race/color", "marital status", and "education level", with an increase of more than 60%. Conclusion Analysis of temporal trends showed an improvement in the filling of suicide data into the SIM. However, the challenge remains to reach less than 5% incompleteness across all variables. The assessment of the completeness of suicide records in the SIM is relevant for contributing to the suicide surveillance system and for the improvement of vital statistics related to external causes.

Avoidable deaths in the first 24 hours of life: health care reflexes.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the risks of deaths in the first 24 hours of life and their preventable causes. METHODS: cross-sectional study carried out in Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, between 2000-2019, with mortality and live birth data. The avoidability was analyzed through the Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Deaths due to Interventions of the Unified Health System. For the statistical analyses, Pearson's chi-squared test and relative and attributable risks were used. RESULTS: 13,601 deaths were registered, of which 10,497 (77.19%) were from preventable causes. Of the total, 5,513 (40.53%) were reducible through adequate care for women during pregnancy. The lower the gestational age, birth weight and education level, the higher the relative and attributable risk of death in the first 24 hours of life. CONCLUSIONS: most of the deaths were considered avoidable and with high relative and attributable risks. These early deaths suggest care failures and the need to reinforce prevention and treatment measures.

Systematic Review of Survival Analysis in Leprosy Studies-Including the Following Outcomes: Relapse, Impairment of Nerve Function, Reactions and Physical Disability.

Leprosy is a public health problem in South American, African and Oceanian countries. National programs need to be evaluated, and the survival analysis model can aid in the construction of new indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the period of time until the outcomes of interest for patients with or exposed to leprosy by means of survival analysis surveys. This review researched articles using the databases of PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Scielo and BVS published in English and Portuguese. Twenty-eight articles from Brazil, India, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Indonesia were included. The Kaplan-Meier method, which derives the log-rank test, and Cox's proportional hazards regression, which obtains the hazard ratio, were applied. The mean follow-up until the following outcomes were: (I) leprosy (2.3 years) in the population who were exposed to it, (II) relapse (5.9 years), (III) clinical manifestations before, during and after treatment-nerve function impairment (5.2 years), leprosy reactions (4.9 years) and physical disability (8.3 years) in the population of patients with leprosy. Therefore, the use of survival analysis will enable the evaluation of national leprosy programs and assist in the decision-making process to face public health problems.

Análise espaçotemporal da mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e sua evitabilidade no estado de Pernambuco, 2000-2019 / Spatio-temporal analysis of mortality in the first 24 hours of life and its preventability in the state of Pernambuco, 2000-2019 / Análisis espaciotemporal sobre la mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y su prevención en el estado de Pernambuco entre 2000 y 2019

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os padrões espaçotemporais da mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e sua evitabilidade no estado de Pernambuco no período de 2000 a 2019. Trata-se de estudo ecológico misto, tendo os trimestres e os municípios como unidades de análise. Constituíram-se como fontes de dados os sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade e Nascidos Vivos. Foram incluídos todos os óbitos no estado nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e por causas evitáveis, caracterizados conforme fatores de riscos proximais, intermediários e distais. A análise de evitabilidade dos óbitos utilizou a Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade e de evitabilidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. A análise espacial foi conduzida por meio da estatística scan, e a temporal, segundo o Modelo Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis. No período de 2000 a 2019, foram registrados 13.601 óbitos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, sendo 10.497 (77,19%) por causas evitáveis. Destes, 5.513 (40,53%) foram classificados como reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação. As variáveis do nível proximal idade gestacional < 22 semanas (RA = 855,01) e peso ao nascer < 1.500 gramas (RA = 204,03) representam uma parcela importante dos óbitos ocorridos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. As variáveis idade gestacional, sexo, peso ao nascer, tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto, idade da mãe e escolaridade materna foram estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,01). A varredura espacial identificou o aumento de clusters para ambas as taxas. A análise temporal evidenciou que a taxa de mortalidade e a taxa de mortalidade por causas evitáveis apresentaram padrão estacionário no período e a previsão revelou tendência crescente. Os resultados mostraram que a mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e por causas evitáveis se configura como um problema de saúde pública no estado. Áreas de maior risco de óbito foram apontadas e a previsão revelou um aumento nas taxas.

This study aims to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of mortality in the first 24 hours of life and its preventability in the state of Pernambuco from 2000 to 2019. This is a mixed ecological study with the quarters and the municipalities as units of analysis. The information systems on Mortality and Live Births constituted the data sources. All deaths in the state in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes were included, characterized according to proximal, intermediate, and distal risk factors. The analysis of preventability of deaths used the Brazilian List of Preventable Causes of Death by Interventions of the Brazilian National Health System. Mortality and preventability rates in the first 24 hours of life were calculated. Spatial analysis was conducted using scan and temporal statistics according to the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages Model. In the period from 2000 to 2019, 13,601 deaths were recorded in the first 24 of life, of which 10,497 (77.19%) were due to preventable causes. Of these, 5,513 (40.53%) were classified as reducible due to adequate care for women during pregnancy. The variables at the proximal level: gestational age < 22 weeks (AR = 855.01) and birth weight < 1,500 grams (AR = 204.03) represent an important part of the deaths that occurred in the first 24 hours of life. The variables gestational age, sex, birth weight, type of pregnancy, type of delivery, mother's age and maternal education were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Spatial scanning identified the increase in clusters for both rates. The temporal analysis showed that the mortality rate and the mortality rate from preventable causes presented a stationary pattern in the period and the forecast reveals a growing trend. The results show that mortality in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes is configured as a public health problem in the state. Areas of greater risk of death were identified and the forecast reveals an increase in the rates.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los patrones espaciotemporales de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y su prevención en el estado de Pernambuco (Brasil) en el periodo de 2000 a 2019. Se trata de un estudio ecológico mixto, con los trimestres y los municipios como unidades de análisis. Los sistemas de información sobre Mortalidad y Nacidos Vivos fueron las fuentes de datos. Se incluyeron todas las muertes en las primeras 24 horas de vida y por causas prevenibles en el estado y se caracterizaron según factores de riesgo proximal, intermedio y distal. El análisis de la prevención de las muertes utilizó la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muerte Prevenibles por Intervenciones del Sistema Único de Salud. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad y de prevención en las primeras 24 horas de vida. El análisis espacial se llevó a cabo usando estadísticas de escaneo y análisis temporal de acuerdo con el modelo de promedios móviles integrados autorregresivos. En el período de 2000 a 2019 se registraron 13.601 muertes en las primeras 24 de vida, de las cuales 10.497 (77,19%) se debieron a causas evitables. De estas, 5.513 (40,53%) fueron clasificadas como reducibles por atención adecuada a la mujer durante el embarazo. Las variables a nivel proximal edad gestacional < 22 semanas (RA = 855,01) y peso al nacer < 1.500 gramos (RA = 204,03) representan parte importante de las muertes ocurridas en las primeras 24 horas de vida. Las variables edad gestacional, sexo, peso al nacer, tipo de embarazo, tipo de parto, edad de la madre y escolaridad materna fueron estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,01). El escaneo espacial identificó un aumento de conglomerados para ambas tasas. El análisis temporal mostró que la tasa de mortalidad y la tasa de mortalidad por causas evitables presentaron un patrón estacionario en el periodo, y el pronóstico revela una tendencia creciente. Los resultados muestran que la mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y por causas prevenibles se configura como un problema de salud pública en el estado. Se identificaron áreas de mayor riesgo de muerte, y el pronóstico revela un aumento en las tasas.

Avoidable deaths in the first 24 hours of life: health care reflexes / Muertes evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida: reflejos asistenciales / Mortes evitáveis nas primeiras 24 horas de vida: reflexos da assistência à saúde

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the risks of deaths in the first 24 hours of life and their preventable causes. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out in Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, between 2000-2019, with mortality and live birth data. The avoidability was analyzed through the Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Deaths due to Interventions of the Unified Health System. For the statistical analyses, Pearson's chi-squared test and relative and attributable risks were used. Results: 13,601 deaths were registered, of which 10,497 (77.19%) were from preventable causes. Of the total, 5,513 (40.53%) were reducible through adequate care for women during pregnancy. The lower the gestational age, birth weight and education level, the higher the relative and attributable risk of death in the first 24 hours of life. Conclusions: most of the deaths were considered avoidable and with high relative and attributable risks. These early deaths suggest care failures and the need to reinforce prevention and treatment measures.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar los riesgos de muerte en las primeras 24 horas de vida y sus causas prevenibles. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en Pernambuco, Nordeste de Brasil, entre 2000-2019, con datos de mortalidad y nacidos vivos. La evitabilidad fue analizada por la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muerte Evitables por Intervenciones del Sistema Único de Salud. Para los análisis estadísticos se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y los riesgos relativos y atribuibles. Resultados: fueron registradas 13.601 muertes, de las cuales 10.497 (77,19%) se debieron a causas evitables. Del total, 5.513 (40,53%) fueron reducibles mediante una atención adecuada a la mujer durante el embarazo. Cuanto menor es la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer y el nivel educativo, mayor es el riesgo relativo y atribuible de muerte en las primeras 24 horas de vida. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las muertes se consideraron evitables y de alto riesgo relativo y atribuible. Estas muertes precoces sugieren fallas en la atención y la necesidad de reforzar las medidas de prevención y tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar os riscos de mortes nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e suas causas evitáveis. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, entre 2000-2019, com dados de mortalidade e nascidos vivos. Analisou-se a evitabilidade pela Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Para as análises estatísticas, utilizou-se o teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson e os riscos relativo e atribuível. Resultados: registraram-se 13.601 óbitos, sendo 10.497 (77,19%) por causas evitáveis. Do total, 5.513 (40,53%) eram reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação. Quanto menor a idade gestacional, o peso ao nascer e a escolaridade, maior o risco relativo e atribuível ao óbito nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. Conclusões: a maior parte dos óbitos foram considerados evitáveis e com elevados riscos relativo e atribuível. Esses óbitos precoces sugerem falhas assistenciais e a necessidade de reforçar as medidas de prevenção e tratamento.

Tentativa de suicídio e suicídio dos indivíduos com câncer residentes no Recife: um linkage dos bancos de câncer, violência e óbito / Suicide attempt and suicide of individuals with cancer living in Recife: a linkage of cancer, violence and mortality databases / Intentos de suicidio y suicidio de personas con cáncer residentes en Recife: un linkage de las bases de datos de cáncer, violencia y mortalidad

O diagnóstico de câncer propicia uma chance maior de suicídio, quando comparado com a população geral, sendo assim procurou-se analisar as características e a prevalência das tentativas de suicídio e de suicídio em indivíduos com câncer residentes no Recife, por meio do relacionamento das bases de dados do registro de câncer, violência e mortalidade. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, cuja população foi constituída pelos indivíduos residentes do Recife com câncer. A fonte de dados foi composta do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional, do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foi realizado um linkage probabilístico entre os bancos citados. Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência por sexo, ano a ano. Para a análise dos dados foi empregada a estatística descritiva e análise multivariada com o modelo de regressão logística. A análise de sobrevida utilizou o estimador de Kaplan-Meier e o modelo de Cox. O programa utilizado foi o R versão 3.61. A amostra consistiu em 52.698 casos câncer, destes 31.512 (59,8%) são do sexo feminino e 21.177 (40,2%) do masculino. Após o record linkage entre os três bancos analisados 51 tentaram suicídio e 11 se suicidaram. As tentativas de suicídio foram maiores entre mulheres, com idade entre 20 e 59 anos (26), cor negra (31) com câncer de colo do útero (18). Os suicídios predominaram nos homens (oito), maiores de 60 anos (seis), negros (seis) e com câncer de próstata (seis) e enforcamento como método para o suicídio (três). O segundo ano após o diagnóstico de câncer ocorreram 75% das tentativas de suicídio. Dessa forma, o câncer foi relacionado como um fator que propicia os casos de tentativas de suicídio. Pensar estratégias para reduzir o suicídio nos indivíduos com câncer é necessária uma vez que podem ser evitados.

Cancer diagnosis generates greater chances of suicide when compared to the general population; thus, this study sought to analyze the characteristics and prevalence of suicide attempts and suicide in individuals with cancer living in Recife, Brazil, by investigating the linkage of cancer, violence and mortality registry databases. A descriptive study was conducted with individuals living with cancer registered in the Population-based Cancer Registry, the Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Mortality Information System, crossed by a probabilistic linkage. Incidence rates were calculated by gender and year. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis with a logistic regression model. Survival analysis used the Kaplan-Meier estimator and the Cox model. All analyses were performed using the R software version 3.61. A total of 52,698 cancer cases were found, of which 31,512 (59.8%) are female and 21,177 (40.2%) are male. Record linkage between the three databases analyzed returned 51 attempted suicides and 11 suicides. Suicide attempts were higher among women, aged 20 ­ 59 years (26), black (31), with cervical cancer (18). Suicides were higher among men (eight), over 60 years old (six), black (six), with prostate cancer (six) and hanging as the suicide method (three). As for year, 75% of suicide and suicide attempts occurred two years after cancer diagnosis. Hence, cancer was a related factor that is conducive to suicide attempts. Planning strategies to reduce suicide in individuals with cancer is needed, since this scenario can be avoided.

El diagnóstico de cáncer lleva a una mayor probabilidad de suicidio cuando se compara con la población general, por lo que este estudio pretendió analizar las características y la prevalencia de los intentos de suicidio y de suicidio en individuos con cáncer residentes en Recife (Brasil), a partir de la relación entre el registro de cáncer, la violencia y la mortalidad. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, en el que los participantes tenían cáncer y vivían en Recife. Los datos se obtuvieron del Registro de Cáncer de Base Poblacional, del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación y del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Se efectuó un linkage de probabilidad entre las mencionadas bases de datos. Las tasas de incidencia se calcularon según el sexo, año por año. Para el análisis de datos se aplicaron la estadística descriptiva y el análisis multivariado con el modelo de regresión logística. El análisis de supervivencia utilizó el estimador de Kaplan-Meier y el modelo de Cox. El programa utilizado fue el R versión 3.61. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 52.698 casos de cáncer, de los cuales 31.512 (59,8%) eran mujeres y 21.177 (40,2%) hombres. Tras el record linkage entre las tres bases analizadas, 51 intentaron suicidarse y 11 se suicidaron. Los intentos de suicidio fueron los más altos entre las mujeres, con edades entre 20 y 59 años (26), negras (31) y con cáncer de cuello uterino (18). Los suicidios predominaron en los hombres (ocho), mayores de 60 años (seis), negros (seis) y con cáncer de próstata (seis), con el ahorcamiento como método de suicidio (tres). En el segundo año tras el diagnóstico de cáncer se produjo el 75% de los intentos de suicidio. Así, el cáncer fue catalogado como un factor que favorece los casos de intento de suicidio. Es necesario desarrollar estrategias para reducir el suicidio en individuos con cáncer, ya que se puede evitar esta práctica.

Estimated underreporting of congenital syphilis deaths in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, 2010-2016: linkage between the mortality information system and the notifiable health conditions information system. / Estimativa da subnotificação dos óbitos por sífilis congênita no Recife, Pernambuco, 2010-2016: relacionamento entre os sistemas de informações sobre mortalidade e de agravos de notificação.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate underreporting of fetus and infant deaths having congenital syphilis as their underlying or associated cause in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, between 2010-2016. METHODS: Probabilistic database linkage was carried out between congenital syphilis cases recorded on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System and fetus and infant deaths due to congenital syphilis recorded on the Mortality Information System. RESULTS: 170 fetus and infant congenital syphilis deaths were matched. Fetus and infant deaths due to congenital syphilis were underreported by 80.9% on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System and by 7.0% on the Mortality Information System, accounting for an increase of 2.3% and 7.0% in the final databases, respectively. CONCLUSION: The underreporting identified compromises knowledge of the true magnitude of deaths caused by this disease.

Factors associated with the homicides of women who are victims of violence.

OBJECTIVES: to identify factors associated with homicides in women who had prior notification of violence in the state of Pernambuco, 2011 to 2016. METHODS: a transversal, quantitative and observational study, guided by the STROBE tool, with data of homicides of women obtained from the Mortality Information System; and of violence against women, from the Grievance Notification Information System. The logistic regression model was used to verify the factors associated with the homicides. RESULTS: there were 32,308 cases of violence against women and 1,162 homicides. The chances of homicide were higher for women: victims of physical violence (2.39 times more), aggression by object of court (2.32 times more), aggression by firearm (6 times more), and when there was a recurrence of violence (3.82 times more). CONCLUSIONS: association of physical violence, agression by object of court, aggression by firearm, recurrence of violence with homicides of women in the state of Pernambuco was found.

Spatial analysis of female intentional homicides. / Análise espacial dos homicídios intencionais de mulheres.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics and spatial distribution of female intentional homicides, according to the regional health offices, in a state in the Northeast Region of Brazil. METHOD: This is an ecological study that had the municipality and regional health offices as units of analysis and used data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. Mortality rates were calculated and smoothed by the local empirical Bayesian method. To identify the existence of spatial autocorrelation, the Moran's index was used. RESULTS: A total of 1,144 homicides were reported, with an average rate of 6.2/100,000 women. For all regional health offices, the 10-39 age group, black race/skin color, and single marital status prevailed. The homicides took place in public spaces. The days of the week with the highest records were Saturday and Sunday and the months of the year December, January, February, and June. The global Moran's index was 0.6 (p = 0.01). Clusters of municipalities with high homicide rates were identified in regional health offices III and IV. CONCLUSIONS: The homicide victims were young, black, and single. The spatial analysis found critical areas of homicide occurrence, which are a priority for actions to prevent violence against women.

Spatial patterns of fetal mortality: scenario before and after the implementation of surveillance / Padrões espaciais da mortalidade fetal: cenário anterior e posterior à implantação da vigilância

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the spatial distribution of fetal deaths before and after implementation of surveillance for this event in the city of Recife, in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Methods: an ecological study whose spatial analysis unit was the 94 neighborhoods. The gross fetal mortality rates were calculated and the local empirical Bayesian estimator was adopted to smooth out random fluctuations of such rates. To analyze the spatial autocorrelation, the Global Moran's Index was used, and spatial clusters were located by the Local Moran's Index. Results: during the period before implementation of death surveillance, 1,356 fetal deaths were reported, a coefficient of 9.9 deaths per thousand births. During the second period, 1,325 fetal deaths occurred, a coefficient of 9.6 deaths per thousand births. The Global Moran's Indexes (I) were I=0.6 and I=0.4 for the first and second periods, respectively, with statistical significance (p<0.05). For both periods analyzed, spatial clusters of high-risk neighborhoods were identified in the northern and eastern regions of the city. Conclusion: the spatial analysis indicated areas that persist as priorities for planning surveillance and health assistance actions to reduce fetal mortality.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a distribuição espacial dos óbitos fetais, antes e após a implantação da vigilância deste evento, na cidade do Recife, Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico utilizando os 94 bairros existentes como unidade de análise espacial. Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade fetal brutos e empregado o estimador bayesiano empírico local para a suavização de flutuações aleatórias desses coeficientes. A autocorrelação espacial foi analisada com a utilização do Índice de Moran Global e agregados espaciais foram identificados pelo Moran Local. Resultados: foram registrados 1.356 óbitos fetais (coeficiente de mortalidade de 9,9 óbitos por mil nascimentos) e 1.325 óbitos fetais (coeficiente de 9,6 óbitos por mil nascimentos), nos períodos anterior e posterior à implantação da vigilância do óbito, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre os índices de Moran Global (I) dos períodos anterior (I=0,6) e posterior (I=0,4) à implantação da vigilância. Identificaram-se agregados espaciais nos bairros das regiões Norte e Leste da cidade, como maior risco de mortalidade fetal. Conclusão: a análise espacial apontou áreas que persistem como prioritárias para o planejamento de ações de vigilância e assistência à saúde para a redução da mortalidade fetal.

Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA): conceptual and methodological aspects and applicability in infant mortality / Modelo Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis (ARIMA): aspectos conceituais e metodológicos e sua aplicabilidade na mortalidade infantil

Abstract This reflective theoretical article, aims to discuss conceptual and methodological aspects about the applications of time series modeling, in particular, the Integrated Auto-regressive Moving Average model and its applicability in infant mortality. This modeling makes it possible to predict future values using past data, outlining and estimating possible scenarios of the health event, highlighting its magnitude. Due to the persistence of infant mortality as a public health problem, the applicability of this method is useful in the timely and systematic management of child health indicators, in addition to being a method with low operating cost, which in contexts of cost reduction in public healthcare services, becomes a potential management tool. However, there are still gaps in the use of statistical methods in the decision-making and policy-making process in public healthcare, such as the modeling in question. These are methodological (robust statistics), institutional (outdated information systems) and cultural obstacles (devaluation of the data produced, mainly at the local level).

Resumo Este artigo, de cunho teórico-reflexivo, objetiva discutir os aspectos conceituais e metodológicos sobre as aplicações da modelagem de série temporal, em especial, o Modelo Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis e sua aplicabilidade na mortalidade infantil. Essa modelagem possibilita prever os valores futuros utilizando os dados passados, delineando e estimando os cenários possíveis do evento em saúde, evidenciando a sua magnitude. Devido à persistência da mortalidade infantil como um problema de saúde pública, a aplicabilidade desse método é útil no gerenciamento oportuno e sistemático dos indicadores da saúde infantil, além de ser um método que apresenta baixo custo operacional, que, em contextos de redução de gastos em saúde, se torna uma ferramenta de gestão em potencial. No entanto, ainda há lacunas na utilização de métodos estatísticos no processo decisório e formulador de políticas em saúde, a exemplo da modelagem em questão. São obstáculos de natureza metodológica (estatística robusta), institucional (sistemas de informações defasados) e cultural (desvalorização dos dados produzidos, principalmente em nível local).

Risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer: an integrative literature review.

OBJECTIVE: to develop an integrative literature review on risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer. METHOD: searching for articles was conducted in the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Medicinal Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American & Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and SciVerse Scopus databases, using the descriptors "suicide" and "cancer". RESULTS: eighteen articles were selected. Lung, bladder and colorectal cancers are the types of highest risk for suicide. Male, white and over 60 years of age are demographic factors with higher risk for suicide in individuals with cancer. CONCLUSION: this review made it possible to verify that cancer may be a risk factor for suicide. This evidence can be useful for planning preventive actions in order to reduce the risk of suicide.

Spatial patterns of avoidable fetal mortality and social deprivation.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a social need index for stratification of municipalities and identification of priority areas for reducing fetal mortality. METHODS: ecological study, carried out in the state of Pernambuco, between 2010 and 2017. The technique of factor analysis by main components was used for the elaboration of the social need index. In the spatial analysis, the local empirical Bayesian estimator was applied and Moran's spatial autocorrelation was verified. RESULTS: The social deprivation index selected two factors that, together, explained 77.63% of the total variance. The preventable fetal mortality rate increased among strata of social need, with rates of 8.0 per thousand births (low deprivation), 8.1 per thousand (medium deprivation), 8.8 per thousand (high deprivation), and 10.7 per thousand (very high social deprivation). Some municipalities in the São Francisco and Sertão Mesoregions had both high fetal and preventable fetal mortality, in addition to a very high social deprivation rate. Conclusion: The spatial analysis identified areas with the highest risk for fetal mortality. The social deprivation index listed some determinants of fetal deaths in areas with worse living conditions. Priority areas for intervention in public policies to reduce fetal mortality and its determinants were detected.

Características epidemiológicas e distribuição espacial das quedas em idosos atendidos no serviço pré-hospitalar / Epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of falls among older adults in pre-hospital care / Características epidemiológicas y distribución espacial de las caídas en ancianos atendidos en el servicio prehospitalario

Resumo Enquadramento: Na população idosa, as quedas constituem um problema de saúde pública comum, grave e crescente. Objetivos: Analisar as características epidemiológicas e a distribuição espacial dos atendimentos de idosos vítimas de quedas pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) de um município do Brasil. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, baseado em dados do SAMU (2010-2017). Os atendimentos foram registados num banco de dados e georreferenciados. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e as associações foram verificadas com o teste de χ2 de Pearson ou exato de Fisher (α < 5%). Para deteção de aglomerados espaciais aplicou-se o estimador de densidade Kernel. Resultados: Houve 1466 atendimentos, a maioria do sexo feminino, com uma média de 79 anos. Prevaleceu o domicílio como local das quedas, no horário diurno, maioritariamente da própria altura. O estimador de densidade Kernel identificou concentração de atendimentos em 7 áreas residenciais. Conclusão: Os resultados poderão auxiliar o planeamento de estratégias de prevenção de acidentes por quedas na população idosa.

Abstract Background: Falls are a common, serious, and growing public health problem among older adults. Objectives: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of the care delivered to elderly victims of falls by the Mobile Emergency Care Service (in Brazil, SAMU - Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência) in a municipality in Brazil. Methodology: Cross-sectional study based on data from the SAMU (2010-2017). The services were recorded in a database and georeferenced. Descriptive statistics were used, and Pearson's χ2 test or Fisher's exact test (α < 5%) were applied to detect correlations. Kernel density estimation (KDE) was used to identify spatial clusters. Results: There were 1,466 services, most of them with women, with a mean age of 79 years. The majority of patients fell at home, during the day, and from own height. Kernel density estimation identified a higher concentration of services in 7 residential areas. Conclusion: The results may help to plan strategies to prevent fall-related injuries in older adults.

Resumen Marco contextual: En la población anciana, las caídas son un problema de salud pública común, grave y creciente. Objetivos: Analizar las características epidemiológicas y la distribución espacial de la atención prestada a los ancianos víctimas de caídas por el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencias (SAMU) de un municipio de Brasil. Metodología: Estudio transversal, basado en datos del SAMU (2010-2017). Las asistencias se registraron en una base de datos y se georreferenciaron. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y las asociaciones se verificaron con la prueba χ2 de Pearson o la prueba exacta de Fisher (α < 5%). Se aplicó el método de estimación de densidad Kernel para detectar los conglomerados espaciales Resultados: Hubo 1466 asistencias, la mayoría de ellas del sexo femenino, con una edad media de 79 años. Hubo una prevalencia de caídas en el hogar, en horario diurno, principalmente desde la altura. El método de estimación de densidad Kernel identificó una concentración de cuidados en 7 zonas residenciales. Conclusión: Los resultados pueden ayudar a planificar estrategias de prevención de accidentes por caídas en la población anciana.

Estimate of subnotification of deaths by congenital syphilis in Recife-Pernambuco, Brazil, 2010-2016: linkage between mortality information systems and notification aggravation / Estimación de la subnotificación de muertes por sífilis congénito en Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 2010-2016: vinculación entre los sistemas de información sobre mortalidad y el agravamiento de las notificaciones / Estimativa da subnotificação dos óbitos por sífilis congênita no Recife-Pernambuco, 2010-2016: relacionamento entre os sistemas de informações sobre mortalidade e de agravos de notificação

Objective: To estimate the sub-notification of fetus and child deaths which had innate syphilis as the main or associated cause in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, between 2010-2016. Methods: Probabilistic linkage was applied to the notified cases of innate syphilis present in the Notification Aggravation Information System and for fetus and child deaths caused by innate syphilis recorded in the Mortality Information System. Results: 170 notifications and records of fetus and child to innate syphilis were paired. There has been sub-notification in fetus and child deaths caused by innate syphilis in 80.9% in Notification Aggravation Information System and 7.0% in Mortality Information System, which enabled the increment of 2.3% and of 7.0% respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study which hampers the understanding of the real magnitude of deaths caused by this disease.

Objetivo: Estimar as subnotificações de óbitos fetais e infantis que tiveram a sífilis congênita como causa básica ou associada, ocorridos no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, entre 2010 e 2016. Métodos: Aplicou-se o relacionamento de bases de dados, do tipo probabilístico, entre os casos de sífilis congênita, registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), e os óbitos fetais e infantis totais e por sífilis congênita, estes registrados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Resultados: Foram pareados 170 registros de óbitos fetais e infantis por sífilis congênita. Houve subnotificação de óbitos fetais e infantis por sífilis congênita de 80,9% no Sinan e de 7,0% no SIM, representando um incremento ao banco final de 2,3% e 7,0% respectivamente. Conclusão: A subnotificação identificada compromete o conhecimento da real magnitude da doença e por conseguinte, as ações de prevenção e controle pelos gestores da saúde.

Analysis of Factors Associated with the Risk of Suicide in a Brazilian Capital: Cross-Sectional Study.

Suicide and suicide attempts are considered global health problems. With regard to the main causes of unnatural deaths, Brazil ranks as the eighth country with the highest absolute number of suicides. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors associated with the risk of suicide in a metropolitan city in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Recife, in the northeast region of Brazil. Epidemiological surveillance was conducted on the information systems regarding attempted suicide, suicide, and undetermined deaths in the period from 2007 to 2017. A record linkage between the information systems was performed. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and logistic regression were performed with an adopted a significance level of 5%. In the city of Recife, there were 4495 suicide attempts in the period, and the most frequent suicide attempts were by single females, aged between 20 and 39 years old, and who used either medication or poison to die by suicide. A total of 141 individuals died by suicide, and exogenous intoxication was the most common method. Knowing the common characteristics and associated factors of those who attempt and die by suicide is key for the development of prevention policies and intervention strategies for suicide.